waste minimization strategy - 3Rs

Waste on-site storage system

Classification of residential dwellings and building types

residential dwellings and building types	Level of stories
low-rise	under 4 stories
medium-rise	from 4 to 7 stories
high-rise	over 7 stories

*Classifications are needed because different types of buildings require different types of onsite storage for the routine waste handling operations.

Factors considered for onsite storage of solid waste

Factors for onsite storage	Why this factor is considered?
Effects of storage on the waste components	Biological decomposition, the absorption of fluids, the contamination of waste components,
Type of container used	Depends on the characteristics and types of solid wastes to be collected, the type of collection system in use, the collection frequency, and the space available for the placement of containers
The container location	Depends on the type of dwellings or commercial and industrial facilities, the available space, and access to collection services
Public health and aesthetics	Public health concerns are related primarily to the infestation of vermin and insects (potential disease vectors); Aesthetic considerations are related to the production of odours and the unsightly conditions

Type of on-site storage

Picture	Name; description
	120L bulk bins ; 240L bulk bins ; 660L bulk bins Mostly for commercial building –shopping centre, school, when waste fully accumulate, it is disposal off at the waste disposal site
	95, 150, 250L bins Mostly for old HDB (with low-medium-rise), with the each apartment disposal area. Waste is being accumulate, when full it being disposal off at the waste disposal site
	Compactor For newly-build HDB, each story has its own disposal area, waste are channel down to the compactor and being carried away by the manually loaded vehicle systems; SCS
	Portable compactor with 18 m3 capacity Mostly for shopping centre, when “120L bulk bins ; 240L bulk bins ; 660L bulk bins  accumulate with waste, it is being throw into disposal site. Auto-mated button allow the compactor to compact the waste
	Haulable open top container with 20-50 yd3 capacity. For Industrial waste, Construction site, where waste are being throw into these on-site storage and when it is full it is being carry away by tilt-frame truck; operated by  HCS to disposal site

Waste collections systems can be are generally classified into two categories according to their mode of operation:

a.    Hauled container systems (HCS) – the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled (拖) to the disposal site, emptied, and returned to either their original location or some other location, e.g. hoist truck, tilt-frame, and trash-trailer systems, Haulable open top container with 20-50 yd³ capacity

b.    Stationary container systems (SCS) – the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of generation, except when they are moved to the curb or other location to be emptied, e.g. compactor, mechanically or manually loaded systems

Hauled container systems (HCS)	Stationary container systems (SCS)
-More traveling distance -Might need an additional container; Might not always have a bin at the waste disposal site (dependent on which system is use) -HCS is mostly for solid waste collection from industries (high waste generation rate)	-Lesser travelling distance -Need to be mechanically loaded systems -Mostly seen in Municipal solid waste -For those with lower waste generation rate (able to contain more)

Pneumatic Waste Collection system

Pneumatic Waste Collection is a new system consists of loading doors, underground airtight pipes with conveyance system, and waste collection facilities with odor and dust removal mechanism. 

Advantages over conventional collection	Disadvantages over the conventional collection
•  Enclosed system improves hygiene standards •  Automated processing system increases efficiency •  Flexible location for one collection point increase aesthetic •  Safety and space friendly •  Low noise operation •  Odor and dust control	•   High investment costs. •   Inconveniences are caused to inhabitants and businesses during the execution of construction works •   Possibility of blockages occurring in tubes and drop off points.

Guidelines used and application to develop a collection framework

Plan out efficient collection routes so that both the collectors and equipment are used effectively

Collection route constraints, panning of waste collection routes with estates -No U-turns in streets -Collection from each side of the street with stand-up right-hand-drive collection -Avoid overlapping of routes Know the waste generation rates per week and determine the number of collection trip, this will involves Collection vehicle capacity, Number of Waste generated, total residence within estates, etc...

Factors influence the means and methods of solid waste collection, i.e., fixed, more or less fixed and adjustable factors

Include “fixed factors” which influences the means and methods of solid waste collection.

objective for Waste on-site storage system

-          Factor to consider for on-site waste storage system; Building classifications and Appropriate bin selection depending on effects of waste storage, type and capacity of containers, location, and public health and aesthetics.

-          Different types of collection systems, i.e., Hauled Container Systems (HCS) vs. Stationary Container Systems (SCS) - the equipment used, and the types of wastes collected

-          Pneumatic Waste Collection – it pro and cons

-          Guideline for a waste collection framework

Waste Management Strategy

Consequences of poor waste management

Pollution --> affect Public health and safety	–      Particulate matter – smoke, ash, dust; due to open burning –      Air pollution (e.g. SOx, HCl, HF - acids, NOx, dioxins/furans) –      Toxic leachates (e.g. organics, Pb, Cd, Hg - heavy metals); electronic waste left at open dumping, when raining, cause leachates to leech into the environment –      Pathogens and Pests; raise of rat, cockroach, mosquitoes –      Fire Hazard (from litter accumulation or methane gases) –      Sharps; broken glass
Low efficiency and high cost	Don’t have a proper on-site waste storage system, lead to more problems (aftermath) accumulate within the city. More problem à more solution needed à more cost involved
Nuisance - Hurts tourism	Tourism affect with odor, smell; less income for the country

Singapore - manage its waste (waste management system) - Introduce legislation and enforcement framework

•       Environmental Public Health Act, Chap 95, Part III regulates

–      Storage

–      Collection –  requiring dustbins, labeling and transporting hazardous waste, frequency, only by licensed collectors

–      Maintenance – e.g. of refuse lifts/chutes

–      Disposal – only at authorised and licensed locations

•       Environmental Protection and Management Act regulates

–      Source control – e.g. controls sales and imports of hazardous waste

–      Pollution control

•       Enforcement

–      Financial penalties of up to $5000 for 1^st offense, $10000 for 2^nd offense or imprisonment (Environmental Public Health Act, Chap 95, Section 103)

Singapore - manage its waste (waste management system) – Proper planning (see below for more)

Proper planning (factors)	Rationale
By considering the constraints of the country such as space,  climate, population density	This help to determine the waste collection frequency, collection routes, waste generation rate, other necessary information in help for waste management system
Of waste treatment and waste disposal lifespan and locations (NIMBY = Not In My BackYard)	Help to determine it type of treatment, resources and energy recovery, waste on-site storage system; No to open dumping to land and water bodies
Of strategies to minimize waste generated	allow all stakeholder to understand that waste can be reduce ; Prevention à Reuse à Recycling à Energy recovering à Disposal
Of cost-effective disposal options	Find way to reduce cost yet waste management system  is still as effective as before; including shortening the waste collection routes, reduce fuel usage, other (mostly focus on area of improvement of the system, in term of $$$)

Singapore - manage its waste (waste management system) – involves of all stakeholder

stakeholder	People	Public		Private
Example	Citizen; resident ; waste contributor	Government Ministries and Agencies; National Environmental Agency (NEA); Ministry of Health (MOH); Singapore Environmental Institute (SEI) provides training; Land Transport Authority (LTA)		businesses and industries 800 Super; Sembcorp; Veolia Environmental Services
contribution to effective and sustainable waste management	educated and active in reducing waste generation volume, recovering resources, and preventing health risks	Clear which government agency is in charge of each aspect; Enforcement/penalties are imposed; Cost-effective sustainable solutions		Higher quality of service; Labor force; Market driven à lower costs
		Licensing -Ensures adequate standard of operation, training and workplace safety -Increases contractor’s credibility and accountability
roles and responsibilities	-increase awareness by education and training -active participation in waste reduction habits	-Clear allocation of responsible to all government agencies in charge for different aspects -Enforcement and penalties are imposed -cost-effective sustainable solutions	-forms information network, initiatives and incentives for high quality services -offers recognition and shares best practices for waste management and recycling -labour force -motivation for low cost products and technology as for market demand

Planning of waste management strategy considers

Proper planning (factors)	Rationale
The constraints of the country such as available land space and climate	Help to determine the waste collection frequency, collection routes
Consumer’s habit and population density	waste generation rate, whether is it high or low
Waste treatment options (cost and technological requirement)	available waste treatment within the country –consider cost and advancement in technological
Life span and location of waste disposal facilities	the amount of time it can digest the waste; e.g. the time when landfill is full for Singapore
Strategies to minimize waste generation	allow all stakeholder to understand that waste can be reduce ; Prevention à Reuse à Recycling à Energy recovering à Disposal
Cost-effective disposal options	Find way to reduce cost yet waste management system  is still as effective as before; including shortening the waste collection routes, reduce fuel usage, other (mostly focus on area of improvement of the system, in term of $$$)

Waste management challenges vary from developing to developed country

management challenges in developing country	management challenges in developed country
Education Waste disposing habit Poverty Technologic feasibility and cost Corruption Rummagers Weaker economy so less money for solid waste management	High consumption High quantity of services Not immediate disposal of waste in the backyard Mature (advanced) facilities need to be provided

Objective for Waste Management Strategy

-          cause and consequences of poor waste management and control

-          Waste management system in Singapore comprise of legislation and enforcement framework, contribution from all stakeholder (public, people, private) and consider to undertake when planning for waste management system.

-          waste management strategy varies in developing to developed countries according to consumers lifestyle, economic conditions and technological affordability, as both country has different waste management challenges